Pasco School District - EdTribune WA - Washington Education Data

Three Districts, 10,000 New Students: The Tri-Cities Boom

Wed, 21 Jan 2026 12:00:00 GMT

For 16 years, the Tri-Cities defied the gravitational pull dragging down school enrollment across Washington. While 152 of the state's 294 districts lost students between 2010 and 2026, the three districts anchoring Benton and Franklin counties added a combined 10,251, a 24.7% increase that outpaced statewide growth by a factor of four.

Then, in 2025-26, all three declined in the same year for the first time since the pandemic.

The federal paycheck pipeline

The engine behind the Tri-Cities boom is not a mystery. The Hanford nuclear site and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory together employ roughly 19,000 workers, most of them in the metro area. One in 10 Tri-Cities residents holds a federally funded job, and the average salary for those positions is $125,000, more than double the regional average of $61,058. PNNL alone added 1,000 jobs over the past four years.

That employment base creates a multiplier effect. Federal cleanup and research dollars, totaling roughly $3.2 billion for Hanford and $1.5 billion for PNNL in the most recent fiscal year, flow through contractors and subcontractors into housing, retail, and school construction. The Tri-Cities' population reached an estimated 320,150 in 2024, growing at roughly 1.8% annually over the past five years, the fastest rate among Washington's major metro areas.

Housing affordability amplifies the draw. Tri-Cities homes remain the least expensive in any of Washington's major metros, pulling families priced out of the Puget Sound corridor.

Three districts, three different stories

The aggregate 24.7% growth masks sharply different trajectories.

Richland^↗ posted the steadiest growth in the state: 10 consecutive years of gains from 2010 through 2020, rising from 10,965 to 14,295 students. COVID interrupted the streak for one year, then Richland recovered fully, the only Tri-Cities district to do so. By 2024-25, enrollment hit 14,499, an all-time high. Richland's growth tracks the PNNL professional class. Its student body is 65.0% white and 23.6% Hispanic, the most affluent demographic profile of the three.

Pasco^↗ grew by nearly the same percentage, 30.1%, but through an entirely different mechanism. Three out of four Pasco students are Hispanic, up from 68.4% in 2010 to 74.3% in 2026. More than a third of the student body, 35.8%, is classified as English learners. The district operates a dual-language program offering Spanish-English instruction across 17 elementary schools. Pasco's growth is immigration-driven and young-family-driven, concentrated in the early grades, and heavily shaped by the agricultural and food processing economy of Franklin County.

Kennewick^↗, the largest of the three, grew more modestly at 15.7%. But its internal demographic shift is the most striking story in the region.

A crossover 16 years in the making

In 2009-10, Kennewick enrolled 9,770 white students and 4,817 Hispanic students, a gap of nearly 5,000. By 2024-25, that gap had narrowed to 29. In 2025-26, Hispanic enrollment overtook white enrollment for the first time: 8,482 to 8,304, a margin of 178 students.

The crossover was driven by both sides of the ledger. White enrollment fell by 1,466 students since 2010, a 15.0% decline. Hispanic enrollment gained 3,665, a 76.1% increase. Kennewick's English learner population more than doubled over the same period, from 1,568 to 3,491.

This is not a Kennewick-only phenomenon. Across the Tri-Cities, Hispanic enrollment grew in all three districts while white enrollment declined or barely held steady. In Richland, the Hispanic share nearly tripled from 8.8% to 23.6%. The combined region was 53.9% white in 2010. It is now majority-minority in two of its three districts.

Gaining ground on the state

The Tri-Cities' combined enrollment grew from 4.01% to 4.72% of Washington's K-12 total between 2010 and 2026. That 0.71 percentage-point gain may sound modest, but it represents a region that is pulling ahead while the state's largest districts stall or shrink.

Among Washington districts with at least 5,000 students in 2010, Richland and Pasco rank first and third in growth rate, at 30.7% and 30.1% respectively. Only Lake Washington, on Seattle's affluent Eastside, grew at a comparable pace.

The 2026 dip

After a decade and a half of near-continuous growth, all three Tri-Cities districts lost students in 2025-26. Kennewick dropped 500 students, its largest single-year loss outside of COVID. Richland lost 168. Pasco lost 167. The combined decline of 835 students is the region's worst non-pandemic year since the dataset begins.

The timing coincides with a period of federal workforce uncertainty. In early 2025, layoffs hit Hanford and PNNL as part of broader federal workforce reductions, with hundreds of positions eliminated at the Bonneville Power Administration and DOE offices across eastern Washington. Whether these cuts contributed to the enrollment dip or whether it reflects a broader demographic cooling is not yet clear from one year of data.

"One out of every 10 people in the Tri-Cities is employed by a job connected to federal funding, whether through the Hanford site, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory or with a subcontractor." -- Tri-Cities Area Journal of Business, Oct. 2024

That concentration of federal dependence is both the region's greatest asset and its most exposed vulnerability. A sustained reduction in Hanford cleanup funding or PNNL research budgets would ripple directly into school enrollment. The proposed fiscal year 2026 White House budget included $34 million less for Hanford than 2024 levels, though Congress has so far appropriated record funding instead.

What one year cannot answer

A single year of decline does not end a 16-year boom. Richland still sits near its all-time high. Pasco has added more students since 2010 than most Washington districts enroll in total. The demographic transformation underway in Kennewick, with its growing English learner population and newly majority-Hispanic student body, will reshape the district's instructional needs regardless of whether total enrollment rises or falls.

Hanford's $3 billion annual cleanup mission has insulated these districts from the demographic forces battering the rest of the state. If that federal pipeline holds, the Tri-Cities will likely resume growing. If it does not, the 2025-26 dip will look less like a blip and more like an inflection point.

Detailed code that reproduces the analysis and figures in this article is available exclusively to EdTribune subscribers.

1 in 7 Washington Students Is Now an English Learner

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 12:00:00 GMT

In Federal Way^↗, one in three students is learning English. Sixteen years ago, it was one in eight. The district did not move. The district did not change its boundaries. The students changed.

Across Washington, the English learner population has nearly doubled since 2010, climbing from 80,195 students (7.7% of enrollment) to 159,472 (14.5%) in 2025-26. That 98.9% increase dwarfs the 5.9% growth in total enrollment over the same period. The state now has one English learner for every seven students, up from one in 13. Those 79,277 additional students, a population larger than any single school district outside the top 10, represent one of the most consequential shifts in how Washington schools operate day to day.

Two corridors, one pattern

The growth landed unevenly. Two distinct geographies absorbed most of it: the agricultural Yakima Valley and the suburban ring south of Seattle.

In the Yakima Valley, English learners have long been present in large numbers, but the concentrations deepened. Bridgeport^↗ went from 27.9% to 57.4% EL. Wapato^↗ more than doubled its share, from 23.7% to 48.3%. Granger^↗ crossed the majority threshold at 51.5%. Thirteen Washington districts now have English learner shares above 40%, and most are agricultural communities in central and eastern Washington where seasonal labor and permanent settlement patterns overlap.

The South King County story is different in kind. These are not rural districts with long histories of farmworker families. Kent^↗, Federal Way, and Auburn^↗ were 12-15% EL in 2010. All three now exceed 30%. Highline^↗, already at 20.8%, climbed to 38.3%.

Kent went from 3,937 English learners to 8,076. Federal Way from 2,634 to 7,079, a 168.8% increase. Auburn nearly tripled, from 1,684 to 5,466. Tukwila^↗, already a gateway district in 2010 at 34.0% EL, now stands at 47.6%, making it the only suburban district in Washington where nearly half the student body is learning English.

The post-COVID acceleration

The trajectory was not constant. Three eras define it.

From 2010 to 2015, the state added 32,883 English learners, averaging more than 6,500 per year. Growth then decelerated from 2015 to 2019, adding 21,328 over four years. The COVID period from 2019 to 2022 nearly froze the count, with a net gain of just 2,099 students across three years, including a 3,190-student loss in 2021.

Then the trajectory broke upward. Between 2022 and 2025, Washington added 30,033 English learners in three years, roughly 10,000 per year, the fastest sustained growth in the 16-year dataset. This post-COVID surge pushed the EL share from 12.5% to 15.1%.

The 2025-26 school year reversed that momentum. The count dropped 7,066 students, from 166,538 to 159,472, the largest single-year decline on record. That dip warrants scrutiny: six districts that reported hundreds of English learners in 2024-25, including Ferndale (565), North Mason (441), and Omak (370), reported zero in 2025-26. Whether those drops reflect actual student departures, reclassification events, or reporting changes is not yet clear from the data alone.

A gap that keeps widening

Even with the 2026 dip, the divergence between English learner growth and total enrollment growth is striking. Indexed to 2010, total enrollment sits at 106, meaning the state has 5.9% more students than it did 16 years ago. English learner enrollment sits at 199, nearly double the baseline.

That gap has fiscal and operational implications that compound. Washington's Transitional Bilingual Instruction Program allocates supplemental funding for each eligible English learner based on a prototypical staffing model. But the staffing required to serve these students is harder to fund than it is to calculate. A 2023 joint report by PESB and OSPI found the state would continue to operate at a deficit, failing to produce the 260 to 390 bilingual educators necessary each year through 2025-26.

In many districts, paraeducators provide the majority of bilingual instruction, particularly in smaller and more rural systems. For a district like Yakima^↗, where one-third of its 5,063 English learners depend on these services, the gap between need and capacity is not abstract.

What moved the needle

Two forces plausibly explain most of the growth, and they are not the same force.

The first is new arrivals. Washington has historically ranked among the top 10 refugee resettlement states, and King County's foreign-born population crossed 500,000 in 2017, with nearly half of the county's population growth since 2010 coming from immigration. Over the past decade, more than 30,000 refugees from over 70 countries resettled in the state through the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program alone. Students in Washington's TBIP program speak 285 different home languages, with Spanish the most common at 58.3%, followed by Russian, Ukrainian, Dari, Vietnamese, and Arabic.

The second is expanded identification. Reclassification criteria determine not just when students exit EL status but also, indirectly, how long they stay in the count. OSPI updated its exit criteria effective 2024, creating an alternative pathway for students in grades 3-12 who scored between 4.3 and 4.6 on WIDA and earned Level 3 or 4 on the SBA English language arts assessment. The 2026 dip of 7,066 students may partly reflect a reclassification cohort exiting under these new criteria, though the six districts that dropped to zero EL enrollment suggest reporting changes are also involved.

The data cannot distinguish between a student who arrived from another country and a student who was already enrolled but newly identified as an English learner. Both show up the same way in the annual count. This means the 98.9% increase over 16 years reflects some unknown mix of actual demographic change and evolving identification practices.

The suburban transformation no one planned for

South King County offers the clearest case study of how this growth reshaped districts that were not historically EL-serving systems.

"What we are seeing here is happening across the country: the suburbanization of the minority population, which also includes the suburbanization of immigration." -- Mark Ellis, University of Washington geography professor, in The Seattle Times

Kent, Federal Way, Auburn, and Highline collectively enrolled 11,941 English learners in 2010. In 2025-26, they enrolled 27,615, an increase of 15,674 students, accounting for 19.8% of the entire statewide EL gain. These four districts alone now serve more English learners than the bottom 277 of Washington's 328 districts combined.

The share increases tell the operational story. Auburn went from 11.7% to 30.3% EL. That means a district that once needed bilingual capacity for roughly one in nine students now needs it for nearly one in three. Every hiring decision, every curriculum adoption, every parent communication strategy changed over the span of a decade and a half.

Next year's telling number

The 2025-26 dip was the first meaningful decline in EL enrollment since the pandemic year of 2020-21, and it was larger in absolute terms. Whether it marks the beginning of a plateau or a one-year correction will be visible in next year's data.

The districts that dropped to zero EL enrollment, particularly Ferndale and North Mason, bear watching. If those students reappear in 2026-27 counts, the dip was likely a reporting artifact. If they do not, something structural changed.

For districts like Pasco^↗, where 35.8% of 18,834 students are English learners, the question is not whether demand for bilingual instruction will continue but whether the workforce pipeline can meet it. Washington's teacher preparation programs were producing fewer bilingual educators than needed even before the EL population surged past 150,000. At the current scale, every year of undersupply compounds.

Detailed code that reproduces the analysis and figures in this article is available exclusively to EdTribune subscribers.

White Students Now 47% of Washington's Schools

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 12:00:00 GMT

In the fall of 2022, for the first time in recorded history, white students made up less than half of Washington's public school enrollment. The threshold was crossed quietly: 49.9%, a fraction of a percentage point below the line. Four years later, the gap has widened to 47.1%, and there is no year in the 16-year dataset when the white share rose.

The crossing was not a single event but the visible point of a long structural shift. Washington lost 140,996 white students between 2010 and 2026, a 21.5% decline, while gaining 124,142 Hispanic students, 64,167 multiracial students, and 23,207 Asian students. The state's public schools are now more diverse than its general population, where non-Hispanic white residents still make up about 63% of the total.

Sixteen years, one direction

White enrollment fell every single year from 2010 to 2026. The losses ranged from as few as 792 students in 2017 to as many as 44,809 in 2021, the pandemic year. That single COVID-era drop accounted for 83.7% of the state's total enrollment loss that year, even though white students made up just 52.5% of enrollment beforehand. The disproportionate exit suggests that white families were far more likely than families of color to pull children from public schools during the pandemic, whether to private schools, homeschooling, or out of state.

The pre-pandemic pace was roughly 0.8 percentage points per year. COVID accelerated it to 1.5 points in 2021, then the rate partially stabilized: 0.5 to 0.8 points per year from 2023 to 2026. Even at the slower pace, white enrollment is falling by 4,000 to 10,000 students per year. In 2026 alone, Washington lost 9,955 white students, the largest decline since 2022.

An older, shrinking base

The white population decline in Washington schools reflects a broader demographic reality. The Seattle Times reported that the state's white population fell by more than 111,000 between 2020 and 2023 alone, driven by an age structure that produces fewer births and more deaths:

"White people had the highest median age in Washington, at 43.5 years in 2022. For all other groups, the median was below 40." — The Seattle Times, 2024

Washington's natural increase (births minus deaths) has fallen from 40,736 in 2010 to 17,654 in 2025, less than half its level 15 years ago. That decline is concentrated among white families: the aging white population has fewer children entering kindergarten each year, while immigration and higher birth rates among younger demographic groups push enrollment in the other direction.

Migration now accounts for roughly 70% of Washington's population growth. Much of that migration is international, feeding growth in Hispanic, Asian, and multiracial enrollment.

Who grew, who shrank

The composition shift is not a single story. Each group moved on its own trajectory.

Hispanic students added 124,142 to Washington's rolls over 16 years, a 74.1% increase that took their share from 16.2% to 26.6%. The growth was concentrated in central Washington's agricultural counties and in suburban districts ringing Seattle, Tacoma, and Vancouver. Pasco School District^↗ gained 4,100 Hispanic students. Evergreen (Clark)^↗ gained 3,777. Auburn^↗, Edmonds^↗, and Puyallup^↗ each added more than 2,700.

One signal warrants attention: Hispanic enrollment dipped by 3,417 students in 2026, the first non-COVID decline in the dataset. Whether this reflects a one-year anomaly or the beginning of a new pattern is not yet clear.

Multiracial students nearly tripled, from 35,867 to 100,034 (+178.9%). This is the fastest-growing category in absolute growth rate, though some of that growth reflects changes in how families identify their children rather than new arrivals. The multiracial share plateaued around 9.1% beginning in 2021, suggesting the reclassification wave may have stabilized.

Asian enrollment grew 28.9%, from 80,375 to 103,582, making Asian students the third-largest group at 9.4% of enrollment. Much of this growth tracks the broader expansion of the Seattle metro's Asian population, which grew by about 76,700 between 2020 and 2023.

Black enrollment was essentially flat, losing 1,279 students (-2.3%) over 16 years. The share ranged between 4.3% and 5.5%.

Native American enrollment fell by 12,146 students, a 49.0% decline that cut the group nearly in half. The steepest drop came between 2010 and 2011 (-6,952), which may partly reflect a reporting reclassification as multiracial categories expanded. Even excluding that first-year discontinuity, the group has been in steady decline.

The district map is splitting in two

In 2010, 48 of 300 Washington districts (16.0%) had student populations where white students were less than half. By 2026, that number had grown to 114 of 328 (34.8%). The 47 districts that crossed the threshold since 2010 include some of the state's largest: Seattle^↗, Lake Washington^↗, Puyallup^↗, Evergreen (Clark)^↗, Northshore^↗, Tacoma^↗, Edmonds^↗, and Issaquah^↗.

The pattern is geographic. Nearly every large suburban district in the Puget Sound corridor has crossed the line or is approaching it. Bellevue^↗, once 51.5% white, is now 23.4%, reshaped by the Eastside's technology-sector immigration. Kent^↗, already diverse in 2010 at 45.7% white, has dropped to 26.1%. Federal Way^↗ fell from 41.2% to 17.9%.

Eastern Washington tells a different story. Spokane^↗ remains 64.6% white. Mead^↗ is 78.2%. Battle Ground^↗ is 76.0%. The diversity transformation is concentrated on the western side of the Cascades and in the agricultural communities of the Yakima Valley and Columbia Basin.

A workforce that does not match

One operational consequence of the demographic shift: the gap between who teaches and who sits in the classroom. The Professional Educator Standards Board tracks the disparity and has noted that Washington's teacher workforce, while increasing in racial diversity, is not representative of the student body. An IES study of pathways to teaching found that candidates of color face disproportionate dropout rates at every step of the teacher preparation pipeline, from college admission through certification to employment.

Sharonne Navas of the Equity in Education Coalition told The Seattle Times that the milestone reflects a global pattern: "We're just falling in line with the rest of the world." David Knight, a University of Washington professor, suggested the shift should prompt a harder look at school finance: "Maybe this milestone is going to finally start to remind people that we should have a more tailored school finance system."

What the kindergarten pipeline signals

Washington's kindergarten class has shrunk from 82,947 in 2020 to 69,338 in 2026, a 16.4% drop. Over the same period, the 12th-grade class swelled from 91,196 to 98,754. The state is graduating large cohorts born in the mid-2000s, when Washington was still above 60% white, and replacing them with smaller kindergarten classes born after the birth rate decline accelerated and the demographic composition shifted further. Each year that passes widens the compositional gap between older and younger grades.

Washington's natural increase is at its lowest recorded level, and nothing in the birth data points toward a reversal. The 2027 kindergarten cohort, drawn from one of the state's lowest birth years on record, will be even more diverse than 2026's -- and even smaller.

Detailed code that reproduces the analysis and figures in this article is available exclusively to EdTribune subscribers.